Scientists reject bullet-mark database
Posted on Wednesday, March 05, 2008 10:47 AM ET
By Pete Williams, NBC News Justice Correspondent
It's a staple of investigating a shooting: Find the bullets and spent cartridges, look for scratches and indentations left on the evidence, and check them against bullets fired in a crime lab from a suspect's gun. Such ballistic fingerprints are used in thousands of criminal investigations every year. And several hundred police departments nationwide have computer systems to check recovered casings and bullets against a national database of crime scene evidence and guns.
But a new report recommends against radically expanding this system by generating a database of the marks left by every new handgun sold or imported in the U.S. Such a concept has been repeatedly suggested by members of Congress, to create the ballistics version of the national fingerprint database, and the Justice Department asked the National Academies of Sciences for an evaluation.
Any firearm leave marks on ammunition. The firing pin punches a hole in the base of the cartridge, and as the bullet leaves the chamber, propelled by hot gasses, it scrapes against the inside of the barrel and is etched with a distinctive set of scratches that match the pattern made when the barrel was manufactured.
But the report, out Wednesday, says an effort to create a national database of those marks from all newly sold guns would overwhelm the current technology and result in so many potential matches that the results would be useless. Roughly two million handguns are sold in the United States each year. And while the current computer systems could make very rough comparisons with such a large database, the technology "appears to be less reliable for distinguishing extremely fine individual marks as is necessary to make successful matches," the report says.
The authors also caution against pushing the current science of ballistic fingerprinting too far. Firearms undoubtedly leave distinctive marks, and they can be helpful for investigators. But research has yet to establish whether the marks left by guns can change so much over time and with repeated firings that they would no longer generate matches. The report cautions against firearms examiners testifying in court that a match can be made "to the exclusion of all other firearms in the world."
The National Academies of Science recommends further study of the promise of "microstamping," which would mark firearms with unique crosshatch marks or a series of numbers and letters that would generate easy found matches with the ammunition they fire.